The Gospel of Judas
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Codex Tchacos
Coptic; early fourth century
Online Resources
English Translations
- The Gospel of Judas
Translated by Rodolphe Kasser, Marvin Meyer, and Gregor Wurst in collaboration with François Gaudard
Ancient Language Editions
- The Gospel of Judas
Coptic text established by Rodolphe Kasser and Gregor Wurst
Manuscript Images
- Images of all of Codex Tchacos
Courtesy of National Geographic - Images of the Gospel of Judas pages only
Courtesy of National Geographic
Additional Links
- The Lost Gospel of Judas
By National Geographic
Offline Resources
Account of Manuscript Discovery
Krosney, Herbert. The Lost Gospel: The Quest for the Gospel of Judas Iscariot. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006.
Ancient Language Editions
Kasser, Rodolphe, and Gregor Wurst. The Gospel of Judas: Together with the Letter of Peter to Philip, James, and a Book of Allogenes from Codex Tchacos. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2007.
Brankaer, Johanna, and Hans-Gebhard Bethge. Codex Tchacos: Texte und Analysen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2007.
Scholarly Commentaries
Kasser, Rodolphe, Marvin W. Meyer, Gregor Wurst, and François Gaudard. The Gospel of Judas. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006 [1st ed.]; 2008 [2nd ed.].
Ehrman, Bart D. The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
De Conick, April D. The Thirteenth Apostle: What the Gospel of Judas Really Says. London: Continuum, 2007 [1st ed.]; 2009 [rev. ed.].
Pagels, Elaine H., and Karen L. King. Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity. New York: Viking, 2007.
Porter, Stanley E., and Gordon L. Heath. The Lost Gospel of Judas: Separating Fact from Fiction. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2007.
The Gospel of Mary
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Berlin Papyrus 8502
Coptic; fifth century - John Rylands Papyrus 463
Greek; early third century - Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 3525
Greek; third century
Online Resources
English Translations
- The Gospel of Mary of Magdala
By Karen King
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Brashler, James, and Douglas M. Parrott. Nag Hammadi Codices V, 2-5 and VI, with Papyrus Berolinensis 8502, 1 and 4. Leiden: Brill, 1979.
Lührmann, Dieter, and Egbert Schlarb. Fragmente apokryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und lateinischer Sprache. Marburg: N.G. Elwert Verlag, 2000.
Tuckett, C. M. The Gospel of Mary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Scholarly Commentaries
King, Karen L. The Gospel of Mary of Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge Press, 2003.
Boer, Esther de. The Gospel of Mary: Beyond a Gnostic and a Biblical Mary Magdalene. London: T & T Clark, 2004.
Meyer, Marvin W., and Esther de Boer. The Gospels of Mary: The Secret Tradition of Mary Magdalene, the Companion of Jesus. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco, 2004.
Tuckett, C. M. The Gospel of Mary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
The Gospel of Peter
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- The Akhmim Fragment (Cairo Papyrus 10759)
Greek; late sixth century - Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2949*
Greek; late second/early third century - Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 4009*
Greek; second century - The Faiyum Fragment (Vienna Papyrus 2325)*
Greek; third century
*Scholars disagree about whether Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2949, Oxyrhynchus 4009, and the Faiyum Fragment actually preserve parts of the Gospel of Peter or part of other ancient texts.
Online Resources
English Translations
- The Gospel of Peter
Translated by Raymond Brown
Manuscript Images
- The Akhmim Fragment (Cairo Papyrus 10759)
Scanned images from Gebhardt (1893) - Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2949
Courtesy of POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online (Oxford University) - Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 4009
Courtesy of POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online (Oxford University) - P.Oxy 4009 (→): Low Resolution
- P.Oxy 4009 (→): High Resolution
- P.Oxy 4009 (↓): Low Resolution
- P.Oxy 4009 (↓): High Resolution
- The Faiyum Fragment (Vienna Papyrus 10759)
Scanned image from Bickell (1887)
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Lührmann, Dieter, and Egbert Schlarb. Fragmente apokryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und lateinischer Sprache. Marburg: N.G. Elwert Verlag, 2000.
Kraus, Thomas J., and Tobias Nicklas. Das Petrusevangelium und die Petrusapokalypse: Die griechischen Fragmente mit deutscher und englischer Übersetzung. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2004.
Bernhard, Andrew. Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts. London: T & T Clark, 2006.
The Unknown Gospel: Egerton Papyrus 2
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Egerton Papyrus 2*
Greek; late second/early third century - Cologne Papyrus 255*
Greek; late second/early third century
*Egerton Papyrus 2 and Cologne Papyrus 255 are part of the same manuscript.
Online Resources
English Translations
- Egerton Papyrus 2+Cologne Fragment 255
By Wieland Wilker - Egerton Papyrus 2
By H.I. Bell and T.C. Skeat
Manuscript Images
- Fragments 1 (↓), 2 (↓), and 3 (↓)
Interactive, zoomable image courtesy of the British Library - Cologne Fragment 255 (↓)
Courtesy of the University of Cologne - Cologne Fragment 255 (→)
Courtesy of the University of Cologne - Fragment 1 (↓) with Cologne Papyrus 255 (↓)
Scanned by Wieland Wilker - Fragment 1 (→) with Cologne Papyrus 255 (→)
Scanned by Wieland Wilker - Fragment 2 (→)
Scanned by Wieland Wilker - Fragment 2 (↓)
Scanned by Wieland Wilker - Fragment 3 (→)
Scanned by Wieland Wilker - Fragment 3 (↓)
Scanned by Wieland Wilker
Additional Links
- The Papyrus Egerton 2 Homepage
By Wieland Wilker
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Bell, H. Idris, and T.C. Skeat. Fragments of an Unknown Gospel and Other Early Christian Papyri. London: Oxford University Press, 1935.
Bell, H. Idris, and T.C. Skeat. The New Gospel Fragments. London: Oxford University Press, 1935.
Gronewald, Michael. "Unbekanntes Evangelium oder Evangelienharmonie (Fragment aus dem 'Evangelium Egerton')." In Kölner Papyri VI, 136-45. Cologne: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1987.
Lührmann, Dieter, and Egbert Schlarb. Fragmente apokryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und lateinischer Sprache. Marburg: N.G. Elwert Verlag, 2000.
Bernhard, Andrew. Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts. London: T & T Clark, 2006.
Nicklas, Tobias, Michael J. Kruger, and Thomas J. Kraus. Gospel Fragments. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Scholarly Commentaries
Koester, Helmut. Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990.
Nicklas, Tobias. "The 'Unknown Gospel' on Papyrus Egerton 2 (+ Papyrus Cologne 255)." In Gospel Fragments, edited by Tobias Nicklas, Michael J. Kruger and Thomas J. Kraus, 11-120. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Oxyrhynchus Parchment 840
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Oxyrhynchus Parchment 840
(Greek; fourth century)
Online Resources
English Translations
- Oxyrhynchus Parchment 840
By Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Lührmann, Dieter, and Egbert Schlarb. Fragmente apokryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und lateinischer Sprache. Marburg: N.G. Elwert Verlag, 2000.
Bernhard, Andrew. Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts. London: T & T Clark, 2006.
Nicklas, Tobias, Michael J. Kruger, and Thomas J. Kraus. Gospel Fragments. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Scholarly Commentaries
Bovon, Francois. "Fragment Oxyrhynchus 840, Fragment of a Lost Gospel, Witness of an Early Christian Controversy over Purity." Journal of Biblical Literature 119, no. 4 (2000): 705-28.
Kruger, Michael J. The Gospel of the Savior: An Analysis of P. Oxy. 840 and Its Place in the Gospel Traditions of Early Christianity. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Kruger, Michael J. "Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840." In Gospel Fragments, edited by Tobias Nicklas, Michael J. Kruger, and Thomas J. Kraus, 123-215. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
The Jewish-Christian Gospels: Ebionites, Nazareans, Hebrews
Background Information
Nature of the Texts
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- None. These gospels are known only from references and quotations found in other surviving ancient Christian writings.
Online Resources
English Translations
- The Gospel of the Ebionites
By M.R. James - The Gospel of the Nazareans
By Philipp Vielhauer and Georg Ogg - The Gospel of the Hebrews
By Philipp Vielhauer and Georg Ogg
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Klijn, A.F.J. Jewish-Christian Gospel Tradition. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992.
The Secret Gospel of Mark
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Handwritten on the backs of three pages in a 1646 edition of Isaac Voss's Epistulae genuinae S. Ignatii Martyris
Greek; eighteenth century
Online Resources
English Translations
- The letter of Clement of Alexandria to Theodore
By Morton Smith
Additional Links
- The Secret Gospel of Mark Homepage
By Wieland Wilker
Offline Resources
Account of Manuscript Discovery
Smith, Morton. The Secret Gospel: The Discovery and Interpretation of the Secret Gospel According to Mark. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
Ancient Language Editions
Smith, Morton. Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Scholarly Commentaries
Smith, Morton. Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Meyer, Marvin W. Secret Gospels: Essays on Thomas and the Secret Gospel of Mark. Harrisburg, Pa.: Trinity Press International, 2003.
Carlson, Stephen C. The Gospel Hoax: Morton Smith's Invention of Secret Mark. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 2005.
Jeffery, Peter. The Secret Gospel of Mark Unveiled: Imagined Rituals of Sex, Death, and Madness in a Biblical Forgery. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
The Infancy Gospel of Thomas
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Many, which preserve the text in significantly different versions.
Online Resources
English Translations
- Critical Edition
By Tony Burke - Greek Text A
By Tony Burke - Greek Text B
By Tony Burke - Greek Text D
By Tony Burke - Greek Text S
By Tony Burke
Additional Links
- Infancy Gospel of Thomas
By Tony Burke
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Tischendorf, Constantin von. Evangelia Apocrypha. 2nd ed, 1876.
Hock, Ronald F. The Infancy Gospels of James and Thomas. Santa Rosa, Calif.: Polebridge Press, 1995.
Burke, Tony. "The Infancy Gospel of Thomas: The Text, Its Origins, and Its Transmission." Ph.D. Dissertation, Univeristy of Toronto, 2001.
Scholarly Commentaries
Aasgaard, Reidar. The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2009.
The Infancy Gospel of James
Background Information
Nature of the Text
Coming soon . . .
Surviving Manuscripts
- Many, which incude significant variations in the text.
Online Resources
English Translations
- The Protevangelium of James
By M.R. James
Offline Resources
Ancient Language Editions
Tischendorf, Constantin von. Evangelia Apocrypha. 2nd ed, 1876.
Strycker, Émile de. La Forme la plus ancienne du Protévangile de Jacques. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1961.
Hock, Ronald F. The Infancy Gospels of James and Thomas. Santa Rosa, Calif.: Polebridge Press, 1995.
General Resources
Offline
Anthologies Including Early Christian Gospels (1980-)
Cameron, Ron. The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Gospel Texts. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1982.
Stroker, William D. Extracanonical Sayings of Jesus. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, 1989.
Schneemelcher, Wilhelm. New Testament Apocrypha. Translated by R. McL Wilson. Rev. ed. Vol. 1. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1990.
Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Miller, Robert J. The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars Version. Rev. ed. Sonoma, Calif.: Polebridge Press, 1994.
Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Turin: Casale Monferrato, 1994.
Robinson, James M., ed. The Nag Hammadi Library in English. 4th ed. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1996.
Bovon, François, and Pierre Geoltrain. Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Vol. 1. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.
Berger, Klaus, and Christane Nord. Das Neue Testament und frühchristliche Schriften. Leipzip: Insel Verlag, 1999.
Santos Otero, Aurelio de. Los Evangelios apócrifos. 10th ed. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1999.
Lührmann, Dieter, and Egbert Schlarb. Fragmente apokryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und lateinischer Sprache. Marburg: N.G. Elwert Verlag, 2000.
Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Scriptures: Books That Did Not Make It into the New Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Ehrman, Bart D. The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings: A Reader. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Pesce, Mauro. Le parole dimenticate di Gesù. Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2004.
Bernhard, Andrew. Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts. London: T & T Clark, 2006.
Meyer, Marvin W. The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. New York: HarperOne, 2007.
Scholarly Commentaries
Jenkins, Philip. Hidden Gospels: How the Search for Jesus Lost Its Way. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Klauck, Hans-Josef. Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction. London: T & T Clark, 2003.
Foster, Paul. The Non-Canonical Gospels. London: T & T Clark, 2008.